↔️ Unit Conversion Chart App by BIN95 ↔️
Unit Conversion Charts for mechanical, electrical, maintenance, and machine automation.
The BIN95 Unit Conversion Chart App is designed for engineers, technicians, maintenance professionals, and students who need fast, accurate conversions across dozens of industrial measurement units. This interactive tool combines printable-style reference charts with real‑time calculators, making it ideal for troubleshooting, design work, training, and on‑the‑job decision‑making. Whether you're working with electrical values, mechanical forces, fluid systems, or automation metrics, these charts help eliminate guesswork and improve accuracy.
Machine Automation Unit Conversion Charts & Calculators
Automation and control systems rely on precise measurements such as angle, speed, magnetic fields, and pressure. These charts support robotics, PLC programming, servo tuning, and sensor calibration.
Angle Conversion Chart & Calculator
Angle conversions are essential in robotics, motion control, servo tuning, and positioning systems.
Angle Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Degree | ° | 1° = π/180 radians |
| Radian | rad | 1 rad = 57.2957795° |
| Gradian | grad | 1 grad = 0.9° |
| Arcminute | ′ | 1′ = 1/60° |
| Arcsecond | ″ | 1″ = 1/3600° |
Angle Unit Conversion Calculator
Speed Conversion Chart & Calculator
Speed measurements are used in conveyor systems, robotics, drives, and automated material handling.
Speed Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h |
| Meter per minute | m/min | 1 m/min = 0.0166667 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.277778 m/s |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Foot per minute | ft/min | 1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s |
| Miles per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
Speed Unit Conversion Calculator
Velocity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Velocity conversions support motion profiling, actuator tuning, and dynamic automation processes.
Velocity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.2777778 m/s |
| Mile per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
| Knot | kn | 1 kn = 0.514444 m/s |
Velocity Unit Conversion Calculator
Acceleration Conversion Chart & Calculator
Acceleration is used in robotics, servo control loops, and automated positioning systems.
Acceleration Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second squared | m/s² | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second squared | ft/s² | 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² |
| Gal (centimeter per second squared) | Gal | 1 Gal = 0.01 m/s² |
| Standard gravity | g | 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² |
| Inch per second squared | in/s² | 1 in/s² = 0.0254 m/s² |
Acceleration Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux density is used in motor control, encoders, sensors, and automation feedback systems.
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Tesla | T | Base SI unit |
| Millitesla | mT | 1 mT = 0.001 T |
| Microtesla | µT | 1 µT = 0.000001 T |
| Gauss | G | 1 G = 0.0001 T |
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic field strength is important for solenoids, actuators, and industrial sensing applications.
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ampere per meter | A/m | Base SI unit |
| Oersted | Oe | 1 Oe = 79.57747 A/m |
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux measurements support motor design, transformer analysis, and automation diagnostics.
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Weber | Wb | Base SI unit |
| Milliweber | mWb | 1 mWb = 0.001 Wb |
| Microweber | µWb | 1 µWb = 0.000001 Wb |
| Nanoweber | nWb | 1 nWb = 0.000000001 Wb |
| Maxwell | Mx | 1 Mx = 0.00000001 Wb |
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Calculator
High Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
High‑pressure conversions are used in hydraulics, pneumatic systems, and industrial automation.
High Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Bar | bar | 1 bar = 100 kPa |
| Pound per square inch | psi | 1 psi = 6.895 kPa |
| Kilopascal | kPa | 1 kPa = 0.01 bar |
| Megapascal | MPa | 1 MPa = 1000 kPa |
| Kilogram‑force per cm² | kgf/cm² | 1 kgf/cm² = 98.0665 kPa |
| Millimeter of mercury | mmHg | 1 mmHg = 0.133322 kPa |
| Atmosphere | atm | 1 atm = 101.325 kPa |
High Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
Low Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Low‑pressure measurements support vacuum systems, airflow control, and sensitive automation processes.
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter of water | mH₂O | 1 mH₂O = 9806 Pa |
| Foot of water | ftH₂O | 1 ftH₂O = 2989 Pa |
| Centimeter of mercury | cmHg | 1 cmHg = 1333 Pa |
| Inch of mercury | inHg | 1 inHg = 3386 Pa |
| Inch of water | inH₂O | 1 inH₂O = 249.1 Pa |
| Pascal | Pa | Base SI unit |
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
Frequency Conversion Chart & Calculator
Frequency conversions are used in VFDs, PLC timers, signal processing, and automation control loops.
Frequency Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Hertz | Hz | Base SI unit |
| Kilohertz | kHz | 1 kHz = 1000 Hz |
| Megahertz | MHz | 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz |
| Gigahertz | GHz | 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz |
| Revolutions per minute | rpm | 1 rpm = 0.0166667 Hz |
Frequency Unit Conversion Calculator
Electric Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Electric field strength is used in sensor technology, industrial instrumentation, and automation systems.
Electric Field Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Volt per meter | V/m | Base SI unit |
| Kilovolt per meter | kV/m | 1 kV/m = 1000 V/m |
| Volt per centimeter | V/cm | 1 V/cm = 100 V/m |
| Kilovolt per centimeter | kV/cm | 1 kV/cm = 100000 V/m |
Electric Field Unit Conversion Calculator
Illuminance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Illuminance is used in machine vision, optical sensors, and automated inspection systems.
Illuminance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Lux | lx | Base SI unit |
| Foot‑candle | fc | 1 fc = 10.76391 lx |
Illuminance Unit Conversion Calculator
Luminance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Luminance measurements support display calibration, machine vision, and optical automation.
Luminance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Candela per square meter | cd/m² | Base SI unit |
| Nit | nit | 1 nit = 1 cd/m² |
| Foot‑lambert | fL | 1 fL = 3.4262591 cd/m² |
| Stilb | sb | 1 sb = 10,000 cd/m² |
Luminance Unit Conversion Calculator
Number System Conversion Chart
Binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal conversions are used in PLC addressing, memory mapping, and low‑level automation diagnostics.
| Decimal | Binary | Octal | Hexadecimal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0000 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0001 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 0010 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 0011 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 0100 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | 0101 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 0110 | 6 | 6 |
| 7 | 0111 | 7 | 7 |
| 8 | 1000 | 10 | 8 |
| 9 | 1001 | 11 | 9 |
| 10 | 1010 | 12 | A |
| 11 | 1011 | 13 | B |
| 12 | 1100 | 14 | C |
| 13 | 1101 | 15 | D |
| 14 | 1110 | 16 | E |
| 15 | 1111 | 17 | F |
Notes:
- Binary values shown as 4‑bit nibbles for clarity.
- Hex digits A–F represent decimal values 10–15.
- Used in PLC addressing, Modbus registers, memory mapping, and low‑level automation diagnostics.
ASCII Conversion Table
ASCII codes for serial communication, barcode scanners, HMIs, and device messaging in automation systems.
| Dec | Hex | Binary | Char | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Characters (0–31) | ||||
| 0 | 00 | 00000000 | NUL | Null |
| 1 | 01 | 00000001 | SOH | Start of Heading |
| 2 | 02 | 00000010 | STX | Start of Text |
| 3 | 03 | 00000011 | ETX | End of Text |
| 4 | 04 | 00000100 | EOT | End of Transmission |
| 5 | 05 | 00000101 | ENQ | Enquiry |
| 6 | 06 | 00000110 | ACK | Acknowledge |
| 7 | 07 | 00000111 | BEL | Bell |
| 8 | 08 | 00001000 | BS | Backspace |
| 9 | 09 | 00001001 | TAB | Horizontal Tab |
| 10 | 0A | 00001010 | LF | Line Feed |
| 11 | 0B | 00001011 | VT | Vertical Tab |
| 12 | 0C | 00001100 | FF | Form Feed |
| 13 | 0D | 00001101 | CR | Carriage Return |
| 14 | 0E | 00001110 | SO | Shift Out |
| 15 | 0F | 00001111 | SI | Shift In |
| 16 | 10 | 00010000 | DLE | Data Link Escape |
| 17 | 11 | 00010001 | DC1 | Device Control 1 |
| 18 | 12 | 00010010 | DC2 | Device Control 2 |
| 19 | 13 | 00010011 | DC3 | Device Control 3 |
| 20 | 14 | 00010100 | DC4 | Device Control 4 |
| 21 | 15 | 00010101 | NAK | Negative Acknowledge |
| 22 | 16 | 00010110 | SYN | Synchronous Idle |
| 23 | 17 | 00010111 | ETB | End of Block |
| 24 | 18 | 00011000 | CAN | Cancel |
| 25 | 19 | 00011001 | EM | End of Medium |
| 26 | 1A | 00011010 | SUB | Substitute |
| 27 | 1B | 00011011 | ESC | Escape |
| 28 | 1C | 00011100 | FS | File Separator |
| 29 | 1D | 00011101 | GS | Group Separator |
| 30 | 1E | 00011110 | RS | Record Separator |
| 31 | 1F | 00011111 | US | Unit Separator |
| Printable Characters (32–126) | ||||
| 32 | 20 | 00100000 | (space) | Space |
| 33 | 21 | 00100001 | ! | Exclamation |
| 34 | 22 | 00100010 | " | Double Quote |
| 35 | 23 | 00100011 | # | Hash |
| 36 | 24 | 00100100 | $ | Dollar |
| 37 | 25 | 00100101 | % | Percent |
| 38 | 26 | 00100110 | & | Ampersand |
| 39 | 27 | 00100111 | ' | Single Quote |
| Digits (48–57) | ||||
| 48 | 30 | 00110000 | 0 | Digit 0 |
| 49 | 31 | 00110001 | 1 | Digit 1 |
| 50 | 32 | 00110010 | 2 | Digit 2 |
| 51 | 33 | 00110011 | 3 | Digit 3 |
| 52 | 34 | 00110100 | 4 | Digit 4 |
| 53 | 35 | 00110101 | 5 | Digit 5 |
| 54 | 36 | 00110110 | 6 | Digit 6 |
| 55 | 37 | 00110111 | 7 | Digit 7 |
| 56 | 38 | 00111000 | 8 | Digit 8 |
| 57 | 39 | 00111001 | 9 | Digit 9 |
| Uppercase Letters (65–90) | ||||
| 65 | 41 | 01000001 | A | Uppercase A |
| 66 | 42 | 01000010 | B | Uppercase B |
| 67 | 43 | 01000011 | C | Uppercase C |
| 68 | 44 | 01000100 | D | Uppercase D |
| 69 | 45 | 01000101 | E | Uppercase E |
| 70 | 46 | 01000110 | F | Uppercase F |
| Lowercase Letters (97–122) | ||||
| 97 | 61 | 01100001 | a | Lowercase a |
| 98 | 62 | 01100010 | b | Lowercase b |
| 99 | 63 | 01100011 | c | Lowercase c |
| 100 | 64 | 01100100 | d | Lowercase d |
| 101 | 65 | 01100101 | e | Lowercase e |
| 102 | 66 | 01100110 | f | Lowercase f |
Notes:
- ASCII is used in serial communication (RS‑232/485), barcode scanners, HMIs, and device messaging.
- Hex and binary values shown in 8‑bit format for clarity.
- Printable characters range from decimal 32 to 126.
PLC Data Types Reference Chart
Standard PLC data types including BOOL, INT, DINT, REAL, and STRING are used across Allen‑Bradley, Siemens, and IEC‑based controllers.
| Data Type | Size | Range / Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| BOOL | 1 bit | 0 or 1 | Discrete inputs/outputs, status flags, interlocks |
| SINT | 8 bits (1 byte) | -128 to +127 | Small counters, byte-level data, ASCII characters |
| INT | 16 bits (2 bytes) | -32,768 to +32,767 | Timers, analog raw values, general-purpose integers |
| DINT | 32 bits (4 bytes) | -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 | High-resolution counters, math operations, timestamps |
| REAL | 32 bits (4 bytes) | Floating point (approx. ±3.4×1038) | Scaled engineering units, PID loops, calculations |
| LREAL | 64 bits (8 bytes) | Double precision floating point | High-precision math, advanced control algorithms |
| STRING | Variable (typically 82 bytes in AB) | Length byte + characters | HMI messages, serial communication, recipe names |
| TIMER (TON/TOF/RTO) | Structure | PRE, ACC, DN, TT, EN bits | Delays, sequencing, machine timing |
| COUNTER (CTU/CTD) | Structure | PRE, ACC, CU/CD, DN bits | Event counting, production tracking |
| UDT | User-defined | Custom structure | Standardizing machine modules, reusable code |
Notes:
- PLC data types follow IEC 61131‑3 standards but vary slightly by vendor.
- Allen‑Bradley uses BOOL, SINT, INT, DINT, REAL, STRING, TIMER, COUNTER, and UDTs extensively.
- Siemens uses BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, LREAL, and STRING.
- Choosing the correct data type improves scan time, memory usage, and program clarity.
IEC 61131‑3 Programming Languages Chart
Overview of Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text, Sequential Function Chart, and Instruction List.
| Language | Type | Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ladder Diagram (LD) | Graphical | Relay-style logic using contacts, coils, timers, and counters. | Discrete control, interlocks, machine logic, maintenance-friendly programming |
| Function Block Diagram (FBD) | Graphical | Blocks connected by signal lines representing functions and operations. | PIDs, analog processing, reusable logic blocks, process control |
| Structured Text (ST) | Text-based | High-level language similar to Pascal; supports loops, math, and complex logic. | Advanced algorithms, data handling, calculations, modular programming |
| Sequential Function Chart (SFC) | Graphical | Step-and-transition model for sequencing operations. | Batch processes, multi-step machines, state-based control |
| Instruction List (IL) | Text-based | Low-level mnemonic instructions (deprecated in modern standards). | Legacy systems, compact logic, simple arithmetic |
Notes:
- IEC 61131‑3 defines the standard programming languages used in PLCs worldwide.
- Most modern platforms support LD, FBD, ST, and SFC; IL remains for legacy compatibility.
- Choosing the right language improves readability, maintainability, and troubleshooting efficiency.
Ladder Logic Symbols Reference
Common ladder logic symbols including XIC, XIO, OTE, timers, counters, and control instructions are used in PLC programming.
| Symbol / Instruction | Meaning | Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| XIC | Examine If Closed | True when the referenced bit is ON (1). | Start conditions, permissives, interlocks |
| XIO | Examine If Open | True when the referenced bit is OFF (0). | Fault conditions, stop logic, safety checks |
| OTE | Output Energize | Sets a bit ON when rung logic is true. | Coils, outputs, internal bits |
| OTL | Output Latch | Turns a bit ON and keeps it ON until unlatched. | Mode bits, machine states, latching circuits |
| OTU | Output Unlatch | Turns a latched bit OFF. | Resetting states, clearing latches |
| TON | Timer On Delay | Delays turning ON until the preset time elapses. | Start delays, sequencing, debounce logic |
| TOF | Timer Off Delay | Delays turning OFF after logic goes false. | Fan run‑on, purge cycles, shutdown delays |
| RTO | Retentive Timer | Accumulates time across power cycles until reset. | Runtime tracking, maintenance counters |
| CTU | Count Up | Increments the accumulator on rising edges. | Part counting, cycle counting, production totals |
| CTD | Count Down | Decrements the accumulator on rising edges. | Batching, decrementing inventory, step tracking |
| RES | Reset | Resets timers, counters, and control structures. | Clearing faults, restarting sequences |
| MOV | Move | Copies a value from source to destination. | Scaling, data transfer, initializing values |
| ADD | Add | Adds two values and stores the result. | Math operations, counters, calculations |
| SUB | Subtract | Subtracts one value from another. | Offsets, adjustments, calculations |
| MUL | Multiply | Multiplies two values. | Scaling, engineering unit conversions |
| DIV | Divide | Divides one value by another. | Scaling, ratios, engineering calculations |
| EQU | Equal | True when two values match. | Comparisons, mode selection, validation |
| NEQ | Not Equal | True when two values differ. | Error detection, mismatch checks |
| GRT | Greater Than | True when A > B. | Thresholds, limits, process control |
| LES | Less Than | True when A < B. | Low limits, safety checks |
Notes:
- Instruction names follow Allen‑Bradley conventions but map cleanly to IEC 61131‑3 concepts.
- Ladder logic is widely used because it is intuitive for technicians and easy to troubleshoot.
- These symbols form the core of most industrial automation programs.
Analog Signal Scaling Chart
Scaling formulas and lookup tables for converting 4–20 mA and 0–10 V signals into engineering units for instrumentation and PLC inputs.
| Signal Type | Raw Input | Engineering Units Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4–20 mA | Typically 0–32767 (PLC), 0–4095 (12‑bit) | EU = ((mA − 4) ÷ 16) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Most common industrial analog signal for sensors and transmitters. |
| 0–10 V | Typically 0–32767 (PLC), 0–4095 (12‑bit) | EU = (V ÷ 10) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Used for short‑distance analog inputs, HMIs, and drives. |
| Raw Count → EU | Rawmin to Rawmax | EU = ((Raw − Rawmin) ÷ (Rawmax − Rawmin)) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Generic scaling formula for PLC analog modules. |
| EU → Raw Count | EUmin to EUmax | Raw = ((EU − EUmin) ÷ (EUmax − EUmin)) × (Rawmax − Rawmin) + Rawmin | Used when writing analog outputs or simulating signals. |
| mA | % of Span | Example EU (0–100%) |
|---|---|---|
| 4.00 | 0% | 0% |
| 8.00 | 25% | 25% |
| 12.00 | 50% | 50% |
| 16.00 | 75% | 75% |
| 20.00 | 100% | 100% |
Notes:
- 4–20 mA is preferred for long cable runs and noise immunity.
- 0–10 V is more sensitive to voltage drop and electrical noise.
- Raw count ranges vary by PLC: 0–4095 (12‑bit), 0–16383 (14‑bit), 0–32767 (15‑bit).
- Scaling is essential for converting sensor signals into engineering units such as PSI, °C, GPM, or % level.
Communication Pinout Diagrams
Wiring pinouts for RS‑232, RS‑485, and Ethernet/IP connectors used in industrial automation networks.
| RS‑232 (DB9) Pinout | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pin | Signal | Description |
| 1 | DCD | Data Carrier Detect |
| 2 | RXD | Receive Data |
| 3 | TXD | Transmit Data |
| 4 | DTR | Data Terminal Ready |
| 5 | GND | Signal Ground |
| 6 | DSR | Data Set Ready |
| 7 | RTS | Request to Send |
| 8 | CTS | Clear to Send |
| 9 | RI | Ring Indicator |
| RS‑485 Pinout (2‑Wire & 4‑Wire) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Signal | Label | Description |
| Data + | A / D+ | Non‑inverting line |
| Data − | B / D− | Inverting line |
| Ground | GND | Reference ground (optional) |
| 4‑Wire RS‑485 (Full Duplex) | ||
| TX+ | A‑TX | Transmit positive |
| TX− | B‑TX | Transmit negative |
| RX+ | A‑RX | Receive positive |
| RX− | B‑RX | Receive negative |
| Ethernet/IP (RJ45) Pinout — T568B | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pin | Color | Signal |
| 1 | White/Orange | TX+ |
| 2 | Orange | TX− |
| 3 | White/Green | RX+ |
| 4 | Blue | Unused / PoE+ |
| 5 | White/Blue | Unused / PoE+ |
| 6 | Green | RX− |
| 7 | White/Brown | Unused / PoE− |
| 8 | Brown | Unused / PoE− |
Notes:
- RS‑232 is point‑to‑point and used for HMIs, barcode scanners, and legacy PLC ports.
- RS‑485 supports long distances and multi‑drop networks such as Modbus RTU.
- Ethernet/IP uses standard RJ45 wiring (T568B) for PLCs, drives, and industrial switches.
- Always verify polarity on RS‑485 A/B lines — vendors sometimes reverse labels.
Maintenance Unit Conversion Charts & Calculators
General industrial measurements such as energy, power, temperature, and sound appear across HVAC, facilities, safety, and instrumentation work. These charts help maintenance professionals make quick, accurate decisions in the field.
Temperature Conversion Chart & Calculator
Temperature conversions are essential in HVAC, process control, refrigeration, and equipment diagnostics.
Temperature Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Celsius | °C | Metric temperature scale |
| Fahrenheit | °F | U.S. customary temperature scale |
| Kelvin | K | Absolute temperature (SI base) |
| Rankine | °R | Absolute Fahrenheit scale |
Temperature Unit Conversion Calculator
Power Conversion Chart & Calculator
Power measurements are used for motors, electrical loads, energy management, and equipment sizing.
Power Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Watt | W | 1 W = 1 J/s |
| Kilowatt | kW | 1 kW = 1,000 W |
| Megawatt | MW | 1 MW = 1,000,000 W |
| Horsepower (Mechanical) | hp | 1 hp = 745.7 W |
| BTU per hour | BTU/hr | 1 BTU/hr = 0.293 W |
Power Unit Conversion Calculator
Energy Conversion Chart & Calculator
Energy conversions support utility tracking, heating systems, fuel usage, and industrial process analysis.
Energy Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Joule | J | Base SI unit |
| Kilojoule | kJ | 1 kJ = 1000 J |
| Calorie | cal | 1 cal = 4.184 J |
| Kilocalorie | kcal | 1 kcal = 4184 J |
| Watt-hour | Wh | 1 Wh = 3600 J |
| Kilowatt-hour | kWh | 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J |
| British thermal unit | BTU | 1 BTU = 1055.05585 J |
| Foot‑pound | ft·lb | 1 ft·lb = 1.355817948 J |
Energy Unit Conversion Calculator
Sound Level Conversion Chart & Calculator
Sound measurements are used in safety compliance, noise monitoring, and equipment condition analysis.
Sound Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Decibel | dB | Relative logarithmic unit |
| Neper | Np | 1 Np = 8.685889638 dB |
Sound Unit Conversion Calculator
Length Conversion Chart & Calculator
Length conversions are used in fabrication, installation, alignment, and general maintenance tasks.
Length Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Millimeter | mm | 1 mm = 0.001 m |
| Centimeter | cm | 1 cm = 0.01 m |
| Meter | m | Base SI unit |
| Kilometer | km | 1 km = 1000 m |
| Inch | in | 1 in = 25.4 mm |
| Foot | ft | 1 ft = 12 in |
| Yard | yd | 1 yd = 3 ft |
| Mile | mi | 1 mi = 5280 ft |
Length Unit Conversion Calculator
Area Conversion Chart & Calculator
Area measurements support layout planning, material estimation, and facility maintenance work.
Area Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Square meter | m² | Base SI unit |
| Square kilometer | km² | 1 km² = 1,000,000 m² |
| Square centimeter | cm² | 1 cm² = 0.0001 m² |
| Square millimeter | mm² | 1 mm² = 0.000001 m² |
| Square mile | mi² | 1 mi² = 2,589,988.110336 m² |
| Hectare | ha | 1 ha = 10,000 m² |
| Acre | ac | 1 ac = 4046.8564224 m² |
| Square foot | ft² | 1 ft² = 0.09290304 m² |
| Square inch | in² | 1 in² = 0.00064516 m² |
Area Unit Conversion Calculator
Volume Conversion Chart & Calculator
Volume conversions are used in tank measurements, lubrication systems, and fluid handling.
Volume Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Cubic centimeter | cm³ | 1 cm³ = 0.001 L |
| Cubic meter | m³ | 1 m³ = 1000 L |
| Liter | L | 1 L = 1000 cm³ |
| Cubic inch | in³ | 1 in³ = 16.387 cm³ |
| Cubic foot | ft³ | 1 ft³ = 28.31685 L |
| US gallon | US gal | 1 US gal = 3.78541 L |
| Imperial gallon | Imp gal | 1 Imp gal = 4.54609 L |
| US barrel (oil) | US bbl | 1 US bbl = 158.987 L |
Volume Unit Conversion Calculator
Mass Conversion Chart & Calculator
Mass measurements support material handling, batching, inventory, and equipment balancing.
Mass Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gram | g | 1 g = 0.001 kg |
| Kilogram | kg | Base SI unit |
| Metric Tonne | tonne | 1 tonne = 1000 kg |
| Short Ton | shton | 1 short ton = 2000 lb |
| Long Ton | Lton | 1 long ton = 2240 lb |
| Pound | lb | 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg |
| Ounce | oz | 1 oz = 1/16 lb |
Mass Unit Conversion Calculator
Mass Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Mass flow conversions are used in process systems, feeders, and industrial fluid monitoring.
Mass Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram per hour | kg/h | 1 kg/h = 0.00027778 kg/s |
| Pound per hour | lb/hour | 1 lb/h = 0.45359237 kg/h |
| Kilogram per second | kg/s | 1 kg/s = 3600 kg/h |
| Ton per hour | t/h | 1 t/h = 1000 kg/h |
Mass Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Volumetric Liquid Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Liquid flow measurements support pumps, piping systems, cooling loops, and process equipment.
Volumetric Liquid Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Liter per second | L/sec | 1 L/sec = 60 L/min |
| Liter per minute | L/min | 1 L/min = 0.0166667 L/sec |
| Cubic meter per hour | M³/hr | 1 M³/hr = 0.277778 L/sec |
| Cubic foot per minute | ft³/min | 1 ft³/min = 0.471947 L/sec |
| Cubic foot per hour | ft³/hr | 1 ft³/hr = 0.007865 L/sec |
| US gallon per minute | gal/min | 1 gal/min = 0.06309 L/sec |
| US barrel (oil) per day | US brl/d | 1 US brl/d = 0.00184 L/sec |
Volumetric Liquid Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Volumetric Gas Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Gas flow conversions are used in combustion systems, ventilation, and compressed air diagnostics.
Volumetric Gas Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Normal cubic meter per hour | Nm³/hr | 1 Nm³/hr = 35.31073 scfh |
| Standard cubic foot per hour | scfh | 1 scfh = 0.02832 Nm³/hr |
| Standard cubic foot per minute | scfm | 1 scfm = 1.699 Nm³/hr |
Volumetric Gas Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Density measurements support fluid analysis, material identification, and process control.
Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m³ | Base SI unit |
| Gram per cubic centimeter | g/cm³ | 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³ |
| Gram per liter | g/L | 1 g/L = 1 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic foot | lb/ft³ | 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018463 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic inch | lb/in³ | 1 lb/in³ = 27,679.90471 kg/m³ |
Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Time Conversion Chart & Calculator
Time conversions are used in scheduling, cycle timing, maintenance intervals, and instrumentation.
Time Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Second | s | Base SI unit |
| Millisecond | ms | 1 ms = 0.001 s |
| Microsecond | µs | 1 µs = 0.000001 s |
| Nanosecond | ns | 1 ns = 0.000000001 s |
| Minute | min | 1 min = 60 s |
| Hour | hr | 1 hr = 3600 s |
| Day | day | 1 day = 86400 s |
Time Unit Conversion Calculator
Electrical Unit Conversion Charts & Calculators
Electrical measurements are essential for diagnosing circuits, selecting components, and verifying system performance. These charts support electricians, automation technicians, and engineers working with AC/DC systems, sensors, and power distribution.
Resistance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Resistance measurements are used in circuit troubleshooting, component testing, and electrical system diagnostics.
Resistance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ohm | Ω | Base SI unit |
| Kiloohm | kΩ | 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω |
| Megaohm | MΩ | 1 MΩ = 1,000,000 Ω |
| Milliohm | mΩ | 1 mΩ = 0.001 Ω |
Resistance Unit Conversion Calculator
Resistivity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Resistivity is used in material analysis, grounding studies, and conductor selection.
Resistivity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ohm‑meter | Ω·m | Base SI unit |
| Ohm‑centimeter | Ω·cm | 1 Ω·cm = 0.01 Ω·m |
| Micro‑ohm‑centimeter | µΩ·cm | 1 µΩ·cm = 0.00000001 Ω·m |
Resistivity Unit Conversion Calculator
Conductivity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Conductivity measurements support water treatment, material testing, and electrical diagnostics.
Conductivity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Siemens per meter | S/m | Base SI unit |
| Milli‑siemens per meter | mS/m | 1 mS/m = 0.001 S/m |
| Micro‑siemens per centimeter | µS/cm | 1 µS/cm = 0.0001 S/m |
| Siemens per centimeter | S/cm | 1 S/cm = 100 S/m |
Conductivity Unit Conversion Calculator
Capacitance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Capacitance is used in filtering, timing circuits, power factor correction, and electronics troubleshooting.
Capacitance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Farad | F | Base SI unit |
| Millifarad | mF | 1 mF = 0.001 F |
| Microfarad | µF | 1 µF = 0.000001 F |
| Nanofarad | nF | 1 nF = 0.000000001 F |
| Picofarad | pF | 1 pF = 0.000000000001 F |
Capacitance Unit Conversion Calculator
Inductance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Inductance measurements support motor control, transformer analysis, and power electronics.
Inductance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Henry | H | Base SI unit |
| Millihenry | mH | 1 mH = 0.001 H |
| Microhenry | µH | 1 µH = 0.000001 H |
| Nanohenry | nH | 1 nH = 0.000000001 H |
Inductance Unit Conversion Calculator
Electric Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Electric field strength is used in sensor technology, insulation testing, and industrial instrumentation.
Electric Field Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Volt per meter | V/m | Base SI unit |
| Kilovolt per meter | kV/m | 1 kV/m = 1000 V/m |
| Volt per centimeter | V/cm | 1 V/cm = 100 V/m |
| Kilovolt per centimeter | kV/cm | 1 kV/cm = 100000 V/m |
Electric Field Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic field strength supports solenoid design, motor diagnostics, and industrial sensing applications.
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ampere per meter | A/m | Base SI unit |
| Oersted | Oe | 1 Oe = 79.57747 A/m |
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux measurements are used in transformer testing, motor design, and automation feedback systems.
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Weber | Wb | Base SI unit |
| Milliweber | mWb | 1 mWb = 0.001 Wb |
| Microweber | µWb | 1 µWb = 0.000001 Wb |
| Nanoweber | nWb | 1 nWb = 0.000000001 Wb |
| Maxwell | Mx | 1 Mx = 0.00000001 Wb |
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux density is essential for encoders, sensors, motors, and industrial automation systems.
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Tesla | T | Base SI unit |
| Millitesla | mT | 1 mT = 0.001 T |
| Microtesla | µT | 1 µT = 0.000001 T |
| Gauss | G | 1 G = 0.0001 T |
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Frequency Conversion Chart & Calculator
Frequency conversions support VFD tuning, PLC timers, signal processing, and electrical diagnostics.
Frequency Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Hertz | Hz | Base SI unit |
| Kilohertz | kHz | 1 kHz = 1000 Hz |
| Megahertz | MHz | 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz |
| Gigahertz | GHz | 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz |
| Revolutions per minute | rpm | 1 rpm = 0.0166667 Hz |
Frequency Unit Conversion Calculator
Radiation Dose Conversion Chart & Calculator
Radiation dose measurements are used in industrial radiography, safety monitoring, and medical equipment testing.
Radiation Dose Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gray | Gy | Base SI unit |
| Milligray | mGy | 1 mGy = 0.001 Gy |
| Microgray | µGy | 1 µGy = 0.000001 Gy |
| Rad | rad | 1 rad = 0.01 Gy |
Radiation Dose Unit Conversion Calculator
Radiation Exposure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Radiation exposure conversions support X‑ray equipment calibration, safety compliance, and industrial inspection.
Radiation Exposure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Coulomb per kilogram | C/kg | Base SI unit |
| Roentgen | R | 1 R = 0.000258 C/kg |
Radiation Exposure Unit Conversion Calculator
Wire Gauge & Ampacity Table
AWG wire sizes with cross‑sectional area, resistance per length, and ampacity ratings for conductor sizing and electrical safety.
| AWG | Diameter (mm) | Area (mm²) | Resistance (Ω/km) | Ampacity (A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 21.0 | 14 |
| 16 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 13.3 | 18 |
| 14 | 1.63 | 2.08 | 8.3 | 25 |
| 12 | 2.05 | 3.31 | 5.2 | 30 |
| 10 | 2.59 | 5.26 | 3.3 | 40 |
| 8 | 3.26 | 8.37 | 2.1 | 55 |
| 6 | 4.11 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 75 |
| 4 | 5.19 | 21.2 | 0.8 | 95 |
| 2 | 6.54 | 33.6 | 0.5 | 130 |
| 1/0 | 8.25 | 53.5 | 0.32 | 170 |
| 2/0 | 9.27 | 67.4 | 0.25 | 195 |
| 3/0 | 10.4 | 85.0 | 0.20 | 225 |
| 4/0 | 11.7 | 107.2 | 0.16 | 260 |
Notes:
- Ampacity values are general-purpose estimates; actual ratings depend on insulation, temperature, and installation conditions.
- Resistance values are for copper conductors at 20°C.
- Commonly used for conductor sizing, panel wiring, and electrical safety calculations.
IP (Ingress Protection) Rating Chart
IP rating definitions for dust and water protection, are used for selecting enclosures, sensors, and industrial equipment.
| IP Code | First Digit (Solids) | Second Digit (Liquids) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| IP00 | 0 – No protection | 0 – No protection | No protection against contact or water. |
| IP20 | 2 – Protected against fingers | 0 – No water protection | Basic enclosure protection for indoor equipment. |
| IP40 | 4 – Protected against objects >1 mm | 0 – No water protection | Used in control cabinets and indoor electronics. |
| IP54 | 5 – Dust protected | 4 – Splashing water | General-purpose industrial enclosures. |
| IP55 | 5 – Dust protected | 5 – Water jets | Motors and outdoor equipment exposed to rain. |
| IP65 | 6 – Dust tight | 5 – Water jets | Outdoor panels, sensors, and washdown areas. |
| IP66 | 6 – Dust tight | 6 – Powerful water jets | Harsh industrial environments, heavy washdown. |
| IP67 | 6 – Dust tight | 7 – Immersion up to 1 m | Temporary submersion protection; outdoor sensors. |
| IP68 | 6 – Dust tight | 8 – Continuous immersion | Submersible equipment; depth specified by manufacturer. |
| IP69K | 6 – Dust tight | 9K – High-pressure, high-temperature spray | Food processing, sanitation, and high-pressure washdown. |
Notes:
- The first digit indicates protection against solid objects (0–6).
- The second digit indicates protection against liquids (0–9K).
- IP69K is the highest level, used in high-pressure washdown environments.
- Commonly used for selecting enclosures, sensors, HMIs, and outdoor equipment.
Mechanical Unit Conversion Charts & Calculators
Mechanical measurements are used constantly in maintenance, machine design, hydraulics, pneumatics, and general industrial troubleshooting. These charts help technicians convert between imperial and metric units quickly, improving accuracy during repairs, alignments, and performance evaluations.
Force Conversion Chart & Calculator
Force conversions are essential in mechanical maintenance, load calculations, lifting systems, and machine design.
Force Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Newton | N | Base SI unit |
| Kilonewton | kN | 1 kN = 1000 N |
| Dyne | dyn | 1 dyn = 0.00001 N |
| Kilogram‑force | kgf | 1 kgf = 9.80665 N |
| Pound‑force | lbf | 1 lbf = 4.4482216153 N |
Force Unit Conversion Calculator
Torque Conversion Chart & Calculator
Torque measurements support motor performance analysis, mechanical assembly, and precision tightening applications.
Torque Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Newton‑meter | Nm | 1 Nm = 0.737562 ft·lb |
| Kilogram‑force meter | kgfm | 1 kgfm = 9.80665 Nm |
| Foot‑pound | ft·lb | 1 ft·lb = 1.35582 Nm |
| Inch‑pound | in·lb | 1 in·lb = 0.112985 Nm |
Torque Unit Conversion Calculator
Speed Conversion Chart & Calculator
Speed conversions are used in rotating equipment, conveyors, fans, pumps, and mechanical drive systems.
Speed Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h |
| Meter per minute | m/min | 1 m/min = 0.0166667 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.277778 m/s |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Foot per minute | ft/min | 1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s |
| Miles per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
Speed Unit Conversion Calculator
Velocity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Velocity measurements support fluid flow, actuator motion, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Velocity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.2777778 m/s |
| Mile per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
| Knot | kn | 1 kn = 0.514444 m/s |
Velocity Unit Conversion Calculator
Acceleration Conversion Chart & Calculator
Acceleration is used in vibration analysis, motion control, and mechanical system tuning.
Acceleration Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second squared | m/s² | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second squared | ft/s² | 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² |
| Gal (centimeter per second squared) | Gal | 1 Gal = 0.01 m/s² |
| Standard gravity | g | 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² |
| Inch per second squared | in/s² | 1 in/s² = 0.0254 m/s² |
Acceleration Unit Conversion Calculator
Length Conversion Chart & Calculator
Length conversions support fabrication, alignment, machining, and general mechanical measurements.
Length Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Millimeter | mm | 1 mm = 0.001 m |
| Centimeter | cm | 1 cm = 0.01 m |
| Meter | m | Base SI unit |
| Kilometer | km | 1 km = 1000 m |
| Inch | in | 1 in = 25.4 mm |
| Foot | ft | 1 ft = 12 in |
| Yard | yd | 1 yd = 3 ft |
| Mile | mi | 1 mi = 5280 ft |
Length Unit Conversion Calculator
Area Conversion Chart & Calculator
Area measurements are used in material sizing, structural calculations, and mechanical layout planning.
Area Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Square meter | m² | Base SI unit |
| Square kilometer | km² | 1 km² = 1,000,000 m² |
| Square centimeter | cm² | 1 cm² = 0.0001 m² |
| Square millimeter | mm² | 1 mm² = 0.000001 m² |
| Square mile | mi² | 1 mi² = 2,589,988.110336 m² |
| Hectare | ha | 1 ha = 10,000 m² |
| Acre | ac | 1 ac = 4046.8564224 m² |
| Square foot | ft² | 1 ft² = 0.09290304 m² |
| Square inch | in² | 1 in² = 0.00064516 m² |
Area Unit Conversion Calculator
Volume Conversion Chart & Calculator
Volume conversions support tank measurements, lubrication systems, and hydraulic reservoir calculations.
Volume Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Cubic centimeter | cm³ | 1 cm³ = 0.001 L |
| Cubic meter | m³ | 1 m³ = 1000 L |
| Liter | L | 1 L = 1000 cm³ |
| Cubic inch | in³ | 1 in³ = 16.387 cm³ |
| Cubic foot | ft³ | 1 ft³ = 28.31685 L |
| US gallon | US gal | 1 US gal = 3.78541 L |
| Imperial gallon | Imp gal | 1 Imp gal = 4.54609 L |
| US barrel (oil) | US bbl | 1 US bbl = 158.987 L |
Volume Unit Conversion Calculator
Mass Conversion Chart & Calculator
Mass measurements support material handling, balancing, batching, and mechanical system loading.
Mass Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gram | g | 1 g = 0.001 kg |
| Kilogram | kg | Base SI unit |
| Metric Tonne | tonne | 1 tonne = 1000 kg |
| Short Ton | shton | 1 short ton = 2000 lb |
| Long Ton | Lton | 1 long ton = 2240 lb |
| Pound | lb | 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg |
| Ounce | oz | 1 oz = 1/16 lb |
Mass Unit Conversion Calculator
Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Density measurements support fluid analysis, lubrication selection, and mechanical process control.
Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m³ | Base SI unit |
| Gram per cubic centimeter | g/cm³ | 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³ |
| Gram per liter | g/L | 1 g/L = 1 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic foot | lb/ft³ | 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018463 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic inch | lb/in³ | 1 lb/in³ = 27,679.90471 kg/m³ |
Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Dynamic Viscosity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Dynamic viscosity is used in lubrication analysis, hydraulic fluids, and mechanical system performance.
Dynamic Viscosity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Centipoise | cP | 1 cP = 0.01 poise |
| Poise | P | 1 P = 100 cP |
| Pound per foot‑second | lb/(ft·s) | 1 lb/(ft·s) = 1488.16 cP |
Dynamic Viscosity Unit Conversion Calculator
Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Kinematic viscosity supports oil grading, fluid flow analysis, and mechanical equipment maintenance.
Kinematic Viscosity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Centistoke | cSt | 1 cSt = 0.01 stokes |
| Stoke | St | 1 St = 100 cSt |
| Foot² per second | ft²/s | 1 ft²/s = 92903 cSt |
| Meter² per second | m²/s | 1 m²/s = 1,000,000 cSt |
Kinematic Viscosity Unit Conversion Calculator
High Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
High‑pressure conversions are used in hydraulics, pumps, cylinders, and industrial mechanical systems.
High Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Bar | bar | 1 bar = 100 kPa |
| Pound per square inch | psi | 1 psi = 6.895 kPa |
| Kilopascal | kPa | 1 kPa = 0.01 bar |
| Megapascal | MPa | 1 MPa = 1000 kPa |
| Kilogram‑force per cm² | kgf/cm² | 1 kgf/cm² = 98.0665 kPa |
| Millimeter of mercury | mmHg | 1 mmHg = 0.133322 kPa |
| Atmosphere | atm | 1 atm = 101.325 kPa |
High Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
Low Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Low‑pressure measurements support pneumatics, airflow control, and mechanical instrumentation.
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter of water | mH₂O | 1 mH₂O = 9806 Pa |
| Foot of water | ftH₂O | 1 ftH₂O = 2989 Pa |
| Centimeter of mercury | cmHg | 1 cmHg = 1333 Pa |
| Inch of mercury | inHg | 1 inHg = 3386 Pa |
| Inch of water | inH₂O | 1 inH₂O = 249.1 Pa |
| Pascal | Pa | Base SI unit |
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
All Unit Conversion Charts (A–Z)
Browse every unit conversion chart and calculator in alphabetical order. Use the quick‑lookup tools below to jump instantly to any chart — perfect for fast reference, training, and troubleshooting.
Acceleration Conversion Chart & Calculator
Acceleration is used in motion control, mechanical design, and automation tuning.
Acceleration Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second squared | m/s² | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second squared | ft/s² | 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² |
| Gal (centimeter per second squared) | Gal | 1 Gal = 0.01 m/s² |
| Standard gravity | g | 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² |
| Inch per second squared | in/s² | 1 in/s² = 0.0254 m/s² |
Acceleration Unit Conversion Calculator
Angle Conversion Chart & Calculator
Angle measurements are essential in robotics, positioning systems, and mechanical alignment.
Angle Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Degree | ° | 1° = π/180 radians |
| Radian | rad | 1 rad = 57.2957795° |
| Gradian | grad | 1 grad = 0.9° |
| Arcminute | ′ | 1′ = 1/60° |
| Arcsecond | ″ | 1″ = 1/3600° |
Angle Unit Conversion Calculator
Area Conversion Chart & Calculator
Area measurements support layout planning, material estimation, and facility maintenance work.
Area Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Square meter | m² | Base SI unit |
| Square kilometer | km² | 1 km² = 1,000,000 m² |
| Square centimeter | cm² | 1 cm² = 0.0001 m² |
| Square millimeter | mm² | 1 mm² = 0.000001 m² |
| Square mile | mi² | 1 mi² = 2,589,988.110336 m² |
| Hectare | ha | 1 ha = 10,000 m² |
| Acre | ac | 1 ac = 4046.8564224 m² |
| Square foot | ft² | 1 ft² = 0.09290304 m² |
| Square inch | in² | 1 in² = 0.00064516 m² |
Area Unit Conversion Calculator
ASCII Conversion Table
ASCII codes for serial communication, barcode scanners, HMIs, and device messaging in automation systems.
| Dec | Hex | Binary | Char | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Characters (0–31) | ||||
| 0 | 00 | 00000000 | NUL | Null |
| 1 | 01 | 00000001 | SOH | Start of Heading |
| 2 | 02 | 00000010 | STX | Start of Text |
| 3 | 03 | 00000011 | ETX | End of Text |
| 4 | 04 | 00000100 | EOT | End of Transmission |
| 5 | 05 | 00000101 | ENQ | Enquiry |
| 6 | 06 | 00000110 | ACK | Acknowledge |
| 7 | 07 | 00000111 | BEL | Bell |
| 8 | 08 | 00001000 | BS | Backspace |
| 9 | 09 | 00001001 | TAB | Horizontal Tab |
| 10 | 0A | 00001010 | LF | Line Feed |
| 11 | 0B | 00001011 | VT | Vertical Tab |
| 12 | 0C | 00001100 | FF | Form Feed |
| 13 | 0D | 00001101 | CR | Carriage Return |
| 14 | 0E | 00001110 | SO | Shift Out |
| 15 | 0F | 00001111 | SI | Shift In |
| 16 | 10 | 00010000 | DLE | Data Link Escape |
| 17 | 11 | 00010001 | DC1 | Device Control 1 |
| 18 | 12 | 00010010 | DC2 | Device Control 2 |
| 19 | 13 | 00010011 | DC3 | Device Control 3 |
| 20 | 14 | 00010100 | DC4 | Device Control 4 |
| 21 | 15 | 00010101 | NAK | Negative Acknowledge |
| 22 | 16 | 00010110 | SYN | Synchronous Idle |
| 23 | 17 | 00010111 | ETB | End of Block |
| 24 | 18 | 00011000 | CAN | Cancel |
| 25 | 19 | 00011001 | EM | End of Medium |
| 26 | 1A | 00011010 | SUB | Substitute |
| 27 | 1B | 00011011 | ESC | Escape |
| 28 | 1C | 00011100 | FS | File Separator |
| 29 | 1D | 00011101 | GS | Group Separator |
| 30 | 1E | 00011110 | RS | Record Separator |
| 31 | 1F | 00011111 | US | Unit Separator |
| Printable Characters (32–126) | ||||
| 32 | 20 | 00100000 | (space) | Space |
| 33 | 21 | 00100001 | ! | Exclamation |
| 34 | 22 | 00100010 | " | Double Quote |
| 35 | 23 | 00100011 | # | Hash |
| 36 | 24 | 00100100 | $ | Dollar |
| 37 | 25 | 00100101 | % | Percent |
| 38 | 26 | 00100110 | & | Ampersand |
| 39 | 27 | 00100111 | ' | Single Quote |
| Digits (48–57) | ||||
| 48 | 30 | 00110000 | 0 | Digit 0 |
| 49 | 31 | 00110001 | 1 | Digit 1 |
| 50 | 32 | 00110010 | 2 | Digit 2 |
| 51 | 33 | 00110011 | 3 | Digit 3 |
| 52 | 34 | 00110100 | 4 | Digit 4 |
| 53 | 35 | 00110101 | 5 | Digit 5 |
| 54 | 36 | 00110110 | 6 | Digit 6 |
| 55 | 37 | 00110111 | 7 | Digit 7 |
| 56 | 38 | 00111000 | 8 | Digit 8 |
| 57 | 39 | 00111001 | 9 | Digit 9 |
| Uppercase Letters (65–90) | ||||
| 65 | 41 | 01000001 | A | Uppercase A |
| 66 | 42 | 01000010 | B | Uppercase B |
| 67 | 43 | 01000011 | C | Uppercase C |
| 68 | 44 | 01000100 | D | Uppercase D |
| 69 | 45 | 01000101 | E | Uppercase E |
| 70 | 46 | 01000110 | F | Uppercase F |
| Lowercase Letters (97–122) | ||||
| 97 | 61 | 01100001 | a | Lowercase a |
| 98 | 62 | 01100010 | b | Lowercase b |
| 99 | 63 | 01100011 | c | Lowercase c |
| 100 | 64 | 01100100 | d | Lowercase d |
| 101 | 65 | 01100101 | e | Lowercase e |
| 102 | 66 | 01100110 | f | Lowercase f |
Notes:
- ASCII is used in serial communication (RS‑232/485), barcode scanners, HMIs, and device messaging.
- Hex and binary values shown in 8‑bit format for clarity.
- Printable characters range from decimal 32 to 126.
Analog Signal Scaling Chart
Scaling formulas and lookup tables for converting 4–20 mA and 0–10 V signals into engineering units for instrumentation and PLC inputs.
| Signal Type | Raw Input | Engineering Units Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4–20 mA | Typically 0–32767 (PLC), 0–4095 (12‑bit) | EU = ((mA − 4) ÷ 16) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Most common industrial analog signal for sensors and transmitters. |
| 0–10 V | Typically 0–32767 (PLC), 0–4095 (12‑bit) | EU = (V ÷ 10) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Used for short‑distance analog inputs, HMIs, and drives. |
| Raw Count → EU | Rawmin to Rawmax | EU = ((Raw − Rawmin) ÷ (Rawmax − Rawmin)) × (EUmax − EUmin) + EUmin | Generic scaling formula for PLC analog modules. |
| EU → Raw Count | EUmin to EUmax | Raw = ((EU − EUmin) ÷ (EUmax − EUmin)) × (Rawmax − Rawmin) + Rawmin | Used when writing analog outputs or simulating signals. |
| mA | % of Span | Example EU (0–100%) |
|---|---|---|
| 4.00 | 0% | 0% |
| 8.00 | 25% | 25% |
| 12.00 | 50% | 50% |
| 16.00 | 75% | 75% |
| 20.00 | 100% | 100% |
Notes:
- 4–20 mA is preferred for long cable runs and noise immunity.
- 0–10 V is more sensitive to voltage drop and electrical noise.
- Raw count ranges vary by PLC: 0–4095 (12‑bit), 0–16383 (14‑bit), 0–32767 (15‑bit).
- Scaling is essential for converting sensor signals into engineering units such as PSI, °C, GPM, or % level.
Capacitance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Capacitance is used in filtering, timing circuits, power factor correction, and electronics troubleshooting.
Capacitance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Farad | F | Base SI unit |
| Millifarad | mF | 1 mF = 0.001 F |
| Microfarad | µF | 1 µF = 0.000001 F |
| Nanofarad | nF | 1 nF = 0.000000001 F |
| Picofarad | pF | 1 pF = 0.000000000001 F |
Capacitance Unit Conversion Calculator
Charge Conversion Chart & Calculator
Charge measurements support battery systems, electrostatics, and industrial electronics.
Charge Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Coulomb | C | Base SI unit |
| Millicoulomb | mC | 1 mC = 0.001 C |
| Microcoulomb | µC | 1 µC = 0.000001 C |
| Nanocoulomb | nC | 1 nC = 0.000000001 C |
| Picocoulomb | pC | 1 pC = 0.000000000001 C |
| Ampere‑hour | Ah | 1 Ah = 3600 C |
Charge Unit Conversion Calculator
Conductivity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Conductivity is used in material testing, water treatment, and electrical diagnostics.
Conductivity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Siemens per meter | S/m | Base SI unit |
| Milli‑siemens per meter | mS/m | 1 mS/m = 0.001 S/m |
| Micro‑siemens per centimeter | µS/cm | 1 µS/cm = 0.0001 S/m |
| Siemens per centimeter | S/cm | 1 S/cm = 100 S/m |
Conductivity Unit Conversion Calculator
Communication Pinout Diagrams
Wiring pinouts for RS‑232, RS‑485, and Ethernet/IP connectors used in industrial automation networks.
| RS‑232 (DB9) Pinout | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pin | Signal | Description |
| 1 | DCD | Data Carrier Detect |
| 2 | RXD | Receive Data |
| 3 | TXD | Transmit Data |
| 4 | DTR | Data Terminal Ready |
| 5 | GND | Signal Ground |
| 6 | DSR | Data Set Ready |
| 7 | RTS | Request to Send |
| 8 | CTS | Clear to Send |
| 9 | RI | Ring Indicator |
| RS‑485 Pinout (2‑Wire & 4‑Wire) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Signal | Label | Description |
| Data + | A / D+ | Non‑inverting line |
| Data − | B / D− | Inverting line |
| Ground | GND | Reference ground (optional) |
| 4‑Wire RS‑485 (Full Duplex) | ||
| TX+ | A‑TX | Transmit positive |
| TX− | B‑TX | Transmit negative |
| RX+ | A‑RX | Receive positive |
| RX− | B‑RX | Receive negative |
| Ethernet/IP (RJ45) Pinout — T568B | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pin | Color | Signal |
| 1 | White/Orange | TX+ |
| 2 | Orange | TX− |
| 3 | White/Green | RX+ |
| 4 | Blue | Unused / PoE+ |
| 5 | White/Blue | Unused / PoE+ |
| 6 | Green | RX− |
| 7 | White/Brown | Unused / PoE− |
| 8 | Brown | Unused / PoE− |
Notes:
- RS‑232 is point‑to‑point and used for HMIs, barcode scanners, and legacy PLC ports.
- RS‑485 supports long distances and multi‑drop networks such as Modbus RTU.
- Ethernet/IP uses standard RJ45 wiring (T568B) for PLCs, drives, and industrial switches.
- Always verify polarity on RS‑485 A/B lines — vendors sometimes reverse labels.
Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Density measurements support fluid analysis, material identification, and process control.
Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m³ | Base SI unit |
| Gram per cubic centimeter | g/cm³ | 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³ |
| Gram per liter | g/L | 1 g/L = 1 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic foot | lb/ft³ | 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018463 kg/m³ |
| Pound per cubic inch | lb/in³ | 1 lb/in³ = 27,679.90471 kg/m³ |
Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Electric Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Electric field strength is used in sensor technology, insulation testing, and industrial instrumentation.
Electric Field Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Volt per meter | V/m | Base SI unit |
| Kilovolt per meter | kV/m | 1 kV/m = 1000 V/m |
| Volt per centimeter | V/cm | 1 V/cm = 100 V/m |
| Kilovolt per centimeter | kV/cm | 1 kV/cm = 100000 V/m |
Electric Field Unit Conversion Calculator
Energy Conversion Chart & Calculator
Energy conversions support utility tracking, heating systems, fuel usage, and industrial process analysis.
Energy Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Joule | J | Base SI unit |
| Kilojoule | kJ | 1 kJ = 1000 J |
| Calorie | cal | 1 cal = 4.184 J |
| Kilocalorie | kcal | 1 kcal = 4184 J |
| Watt-hour | Wh | 1 Wh = 3600 J |
| Kilowatt-hour | kWh | 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J |
| British thermal unit | BTU | 1 BTU = 1055.05585 J |
| Foot‑pound | ft·lb | 1 ft·lb = 1.355817948 J |
Energy Unit Conversion Calculator
Force Conversion Chart & Calculator
Force conversions are essential in mechanical maintenance, load calculations, and machine design.
Force Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Newton | N | Base SI unit |
| Kilonewton | kN | 1 kN = 1000 N |
| Dyne | dyn | 1 dyn = 0.00001 N |
| Kilogram‑force | kgf | 1 kgf = 9.80665 N |
| Pound‑force | lbf | 1 lbf = 4.4482216153 N |
Force Unit Conversion Calculator
Frequency Conversion Chart & Calculator
Frequency conversions support VFD tuning, PLC timers, signal processing, and electrical diagnostics.
Frequency Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Hertz | Hz | Base SI unit |
| Kilohertz | kHz | 1 kHz = 1000 Hz |
| Megahertz | MHz | 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz |
| Gigahertz | GHz | 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz |
| Revolutions per minute | rpm | 1 rpm = 0.0166667 Hz |
Frequency Unit Conversion Calculator
IEC 61131‑3 Programming Languages Chart
Overview of Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text, Sequential Function Chart, and Instruction List.
| Language | Type | Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ladder Diagram (LD) | Graphical | Relay-style logic using contacts, coils, timers, and counters. | Discrete control, interlocks, machine logic, maintenance-friendly programming |
| Function Block Diagram (FBD) | Graphical | Blocks connected by signal lines representing functions and operations. | PIDs, analog processing, reusable logic blocks, process control |
| Structured Text (ST) | Text-based | High-level language similar to Pascal; supports loops, math, and complex logic. | Advanced algorithms, data handling, calculations, modular programming |
| Sequential Function Chart (SFC) | Graphical | Step-and-transition model for sequencing operations. | Batch processes, multi-step machines, state-based control |
| Instruction List (IL) | Text-based | Low-level mnemonic instructions (deprecated in modern standards). | Legacy systems, compact logic, simple arithmetic |
Notes:
- IEC 61131‑3 defines the standard programming languages used in PLCs worldwide.
- Most modern platforms support LD, FBD, ST, and SFC; IL remains for legacy compatibility.
- Choosing the right language improves readability, maintainability, and troubleshooting efficiency.
Illuminance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Illuminance is used in machine vision, optical sensors, and automated inspection systems.
Illuminance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Lux | lx | Base SI unit |
| Foot‑candle | fc | 1 fc = 10.76391 lx |
Illuminance Unit Conversion Calculator
Inductance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Inductance measurements support motor control, transformer analysis, and power electronics.
Inductance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Henry | H | Base SI unit |
| Millihenry | mH | 1 mH = 0.001 H |
| Microhenry | µH | 1 µH = 0.000001 H |
| Nanohenry | nH | 1 nH = 0.000000001 H |
Inductance Unit Conversion Calculator
IP (Ingress Protection) Rating Chart
IP rating definitions for dust and water protection, used for selecting enclosures, sensors, and industrial equipment.
| IP Code | First Digit (Solids) | Second Digit (Liquids) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| IP00 | 0 – No protection | 0 – No protection | No protection against contact or water. |
| IP20 | 2 – Protected against fingers | 0 – No water protection | Basic enclosure protection for indoor equipment. |
| IP40 | 4 – Protected against objects >1 mm | 0 – No water protection | Used in control cabinets and indoor electronics. |
| IP54 | 5 – Dust protected | 4 – Splashing water | General-purpose industrial enclosures. |
| IP55 | 5 – Dust protected | 5 – Water jets | Motors and outdoor equipment exposed to rain. |
| IP65 | 6 – Dust tight | 5 – Water jets | Outdoor panels, sensors, and washdown areas. |
| IP66 | 6 – Dust tight | 6 – Powerful water jets | Harsh industrial environments, heavy washdown. |
| IP67 | 6 – Dust tight | 7 – Immersion up to 1 m | Temporary submersion protection; outdoor sensors. |
| IP68 | 6 – Dust tight | 8 – Continuous immersion | Submersible equipment; depth specified by manufacturer. |
| IP69K | 6 – Dust tight | 9K – High-pressure, high-temperature spray | Food processing, sanitation, and high-pressure washdown. |
Notes:
- The first digit indicates protection against solid objects (0–6).
- The second digit indicates protection against liquids (0–9K).
- IP69K is the highest level, used in high-pressure washdown environments.
- Commonly used for selecting enclosures, sensors, HMIs, and outdoor equipment.
Ladder Logic Symbols Reference
Common ladder logic symbols including XIC, XIO, OTE, timers, counters, and control instructions used in PLC programming.
| Symbol / Instruction | Meaning | Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| XIC | Examine If Closed | True when the referenced bit is ON (1). | Start conditions, permissives, interlocks |
| XIO | Examine If Open | True when the referenced bit is OFF (0). | Fault conditions, stop logic, safety checks |
| OTE | Output Energize | Sets a bit ON when rung logic is true. | Coils, outputs, internal bits |
| OTL | Output Latch | Turns a bit ON and keeps it ON until unlatched. | Mode bits, machine states, latching circuits |
| OTU | Output Unlatch | Turns a latched bit OFF. | Resetting states, clearing latches |
| TON | Timer On Delay | Delays turning ON until the preset time elapses. | Start delays, sequencing, debounce logic |
| TOF | Timer Off Delay | Delays turning OFF after logic goes false. | Fan run‑on, purge cycles, shutdown delays |
| RTO | Retentive Timer | Accumulates time across power cycles until reset. | Runtime tracking, maintenance counters |
| CTU | Count Up | Increments the accumulator on rising edges. | Part counting, cycle counting, production totals |
| CTD | Count Down | Decrements the accumulator on rising edges. | Batching, decrementing inventory, step tracking |
| RES | Reset | Resets timers, counters, and control structures. | Clearing faults, restarting sequences |
| MOV | Move | Copies a value from source to destination. | Scaling, data transfer, initializing values |
| ADD | Add | Adds two values and stores the result. | Math operations, counters, calculations |
| SUB | Subtract | Subtracts one value from another. | Offsets, adjustments, calculations |
| MUL | Multiply | Multiplies two values. | Scaling, engineering unit conversions |
| DIV | Divide | Divides one value by another. | Scaling, ratios, engineering calculations |
| EQU | Equal | True when two values match. | Comparisons, mode selection, validation |
| NEQ | Not Equal | True when two values differ. | Error detection, mismatch checks |
| GRT | Greater Than | True when A > B. | Thresholds, limits, process control |
| LES | Less Than | True when A < B. | Low limits, safety checks |
Notes:
- Instruction names follow Allen‑Bradley conventions but map cleanly to IEC 61131‑3 concepts.
- Ladder logic is widely used because it is intuitive for technicians and easy to troubleshoot.
- These symbols form the core of most industrial automation programs.
Length Conversion Chart & Calculator
Length conversions support fabrication, alignment, machining, and general mechanical measurements.
Length Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Millimeter | mm | 1 mm = 0.001 m |
| Centimeter | cm | 1 cm = 0.01 m |
| Meter | m | Base SI unit |
| Kilometer | km | 1 km = 1000 m |
| Inch | in | 1 in = 25.4 mm |
| Foot | ft | 1 ft = 12 in |
| Yard | yd | 1 yd = 3 ft |
| Mile | mi | 1 mi = 5280 ft |
Length Unit Conversion Calculator
Luminance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Luminance measurements support display calibration, machine vision, and optical automation.
Luminance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Candela per square meter | cd/m² | Base SI unit |
| Nit | nit | 1 nit = 1 cd/m² |
| Foot‑lambert | fL | 1 fL = 3.4262591 cd/m² |
| Stilb | sb | 1 sb = 10,000 cd/m² |
Luminance Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Field Strength Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic field strength supports solenoid design, motor diagnostics, and industrial sensing applications.
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ampere per meter | A/m | Base SI unit |
| Oersted | Oe | 1 Oe = 79.57747 A/m |
Magnetic Field Strength Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux measurements are used in transformer testing, motor design, and automation feedback systems.
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Weber | Wb | Base SI unit |
| Milliweber | mWb | 1 mWb = 0.001 Wb |
| Microweber | µWb | 1 µWb = 0.000001 Wb |
| Nanoweber | nWb | 1 nWb = 0.000000001 Wb |
| Maxwell | Mx | 1 Mx = 0.00000001 Wb |
Magnetic Flux Unit Conversion Calculator
Magnetic Flux Density Conversion Chart & Calculator
Magnetic flux density is essential for encoders, sensors, motors, and industrial automation systems.
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Tesla | T | Base SI unit |
| Millitesla | mT | 1 mT = 0.001 T |
| Microtesla | µT | 1 µT = 0.000001 T |
| Gauss | G | 1 G = 0.0001 T |
Magnetic Flux Density Unit Conversion Calculator
Mass Conversion Chart & Calculator
Mass measurements support material handling, balancing, batching, and mechanical system loading.
Mass Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gram | g | 1 g = 0.001 kg |
| Kilogram | kg | Base SI unit |
| Metric Tonne | tonne | 1 tonne = 1000 kg |
| Short Ton | shton | 1 short ton = 2000 lb |
| Long Ton | Lton | 1 long ton = 2240 lb |
| Pound | lb | 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg |
| Ounce | oz | 1 oz = 1/16 lb |
Mass Unit Conversion Calculator
Mass Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Mass flow conversions are used in process systems, feeders, and industrial fluid monitoring.
Mass Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram per hour | kg/h | 1 kg/h = 0.00027778 kg/s |
| Pound per hour | lb/hour | 1 lb/h = 0.45359237 kg/h |
| Kilogram per second | kg/s | 1 kg/s = 3600 kg/h |
| Ton per hour | t/h | 1 t/h = 1000 kg/h |
Mass Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Number System Conversion Chart
Binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal conversions are used in PLC addressing, memory mapping, and low‑level automation diagnostics.
| Decimal | Binary | Octal | Hexadecimal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0000 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0001 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 0010 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 0011 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 0100 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | 0101 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 0110 | 6 | 6 |
| 7 | 0111 | 7 | 7 |
| 8 | 1000 | 10 | 8 |
| 9 | 1001 | 11 | 9 |
| 10 | 1010 | 12 | A |
| 11 | 1011 | 13 | B |
| 12 | 1100 | 14 | C |
| 13 | 1101 | 15 | D |
| 14 | 1110 | 16 | E |
| 15 | 1111 | 17 | F |
Notes:
- Binary values shown as 4‑bit nibbles for clarity.
- Hex digits A–F represent decimal values 10–15.
- Used in PLC addressing, Modbus registers, memory mapping, and low‑level automation diagnostics.
Power Conversion Chart & Calculator
Power measurements are used for motors, electrical loads, energy management, and equipment sizing.
Power Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Watt | W | 1 W = 1 J/s |
| Kilowatt | kW | 1 kW = 1,000 W |
| Megawatt | MW | 1 MW = 1,000,000 W |
| Horsepower (Mechanical) | hp | 1 hp = 745.7 W |
| BTU per hour | BTU/hr | 1 BTU/hr = 0.293 W |
Power Unit Conversion Calculator
Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Pressure measurements support hydraulics, pneumatics, HVAC, and industrial process control.
Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Pascal | Pa | Base SI unit |
| Kilopascal | kPa | 1 kPa = 1000 Pa |
| Megapascal | MPa | 1 MPa = 1,000,000 Pa |
| Bar | bar | 1 bar = 100,000 Pa |
| Millibar | mbar | 1 mbar = 100 Pa |
| Pound per square inch | psi | 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa |
| Standard atmosphere | atm | 1 atm = 101325 Pa |
| Torr | torr | 1 torr = 133.322 Pa |
| Inch of mercury | inHg | 1 inHg = 3386.389 Pa |
| Millimeter of mercury | mmHg | 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa |
Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
High Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
High‑pressure conversions are used in hydraulics, pumps, cylinders, and industrial mechanical systems.
High Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Bar | bar | 1 bar = 100 kPa |
| Pound per square inch | psi | 1 psi = 6.895 kPa |
| Kilopascal | kPa | 1 kPa = 0.01 bar |
| Megapascal | MPa | 1 MPa = 1000 kPa |
| Kilogram‑force per cm² | kgf/cm² | 1 kgf/cm² = 98.0665 kPa |
| Millimeter of mercury | mmHg | 1 mmHg = 0.133322 kPa |
| Atmosphere | atm | 1 atm = 101.325 kPa |
High Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
Low Pressure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Low‑pressure measurements support pneumatics, airflow control, and mechanical instrumentation.
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter of water | mH₂O | 1 mH₂O = 9806 Pa |
| Foot of water | ftH₂O | 1 ftH₂O = 2989 Pa |
| Centimeter of mercury | cmHg | 1 cmHg = 1333 Pa |
| Inch of mercury | inHg | 1 inHg = 3386 Pa |
| Inch of water | inH₂O | 1 inH₂O = 249.1 Pa |
| Pascal | Pa | Base SI unit |
Low Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator
PLC Data Types Reference Chart
Standard PLC data types including BOOL, INT, DINT, REAL, and STRING are used across Allen‑Bradley, Siemens, and IEC‑based controllers.
| Data Type | Size | Range / Description | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| BOOL | 1 bit | 0 or 1 | Discrete inputs/outputs, status flags, interlocks |
| SINT | 8 bits (1 byte) | -128 to +127 | Small counters, byte-level data, ASCII characters |
| INT | 16 bits (2 bytes) | -32,768 to +32,767 | Timers, analog raw values, general-purpose integers |
| DINT | 32 bits (4 bytes) | -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 | High-resolution counters, math operations, timestamps |
| REAL | 32 bits (4 bytes) | Floating point (approx. ±3.4×1038) | Scaled engineering units, PID loops, calculations |
| LREAL | 64 bits (8 bytes) | Double precision floating point | High-precision math, advanced control algorithms |
| STRING | Variable (typically 82 bytes in AB) | Length byte + characters | HMI messages, serial communication, recipe names |
| TIMER (TON/TOF/RTO) | Structure | PRE, ACC, DN, TT, EN bits | Delays, sequencing, machine timing |
| COUNTER (CTU/CTD) | Structure | PRE, ACC, CU/CD, DN bits | Event counting, production tracking |
| UDT | User-defined | Custom structure | Standardizing machine modules, reusable code |
Notes:
- PLC data types follow IEC 61131‑3 standards but vary slightly by vendor.
- Allen‑Bradley uses BOOL, SINT, INT, DINT, REAL, STRING, TIMER, COUNTER, and UDTs extensively.
- Siemens uses BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, LREAL, and STRING.
- Choosing the correct data type improves scan time, memory usage, and program clarity.
Radiation Dose Conversion Chart & Calculator
Radiation dose measurements are used in industrial radiography, safety monitoring, and medical equipment testing.
Radiation Dose Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gray | Gy | Base SI unit |
| Milligray | mGy | 1 mGy = 0.001 Gy |
| Microgray | µGy | 1 µGy = 0.000001 Gy |
| Rad | rad | 1 rad = 0.01 Gy |
Radiation Dose Unit Conversion Calculator
Radiation Exposure Conversion Chart & Calculator
Radiation exposure conversions support X‑ray equipment calibration, safety compliance, and industrial inspection.
Radiation Exposure Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Coulomb per kilogram | C/kg | Base SI unit |
| Roentgen | R | 1 R = 0.000258 C/kg |
Radiation Exposure Unit Conversion Calculator
Resistance Conversion Chart & Calculator
Resistance measurements are used in circuit troubleshooting, component testing, and electrical system diagnostics.
Resistance Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ohm | Ω | Base SI unit |
| Kiloohm | kΩ | 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω |
| Megaohm | MΩ | 1 MΩ = 1,000,000 Ω |
| Milliohm | mΩ | 1 mΩ = 0.001 Ω |
Resistance Unit Conversion Calculator
Resistivity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Resistivity is used in material analysis, grounding studies, and conductor selection.
Resistivity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Ohm‑meter | Ω·m | Base SI unit |
| Ohm‑centimeter | Ω·cm | 1 Ω·cm = 0.01 Ω·m |
| Micro‑ohm‑centimeter | µΩ·cm | 1 µΩ·cm = 0.00000001 Ω·m |
Resistivity Unit Conversion Calculator
Sound Level Conversion Chart & Calculator
Sound measurements are used in safety compliance, noise monitoring, and equipment condition analysis.
Sound Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Decibel | dB | Relative logarithmic unit |
| Neper | Np | 1 Np = 8.685889638 dB |
Sound Unit Conversion Calculator
Speed Conversion Chart & Calculator
Speed conversions are used in rotating equipment, conveyors, fans, pumps, and mechanical drive systems.
Speed Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h |
| Meter per minute | m/min | 1 m/min = 0.0166667 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.277778 m/s |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Foot per minute | ft/min | 1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s |
| Miles per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
Speed Unit Conversion Calculator
Temperature Conversion Chart & Calculator
Temperature conversions are essential in HVAC, process control, refrigeration, and equipment diagnostics.
Temperature Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Celsius | °C | Metric temperature scale |
| Fahrenheit | °F | U.S. customary temperature scale |
| Kelvin | K | Absolute temperature (SI base) |
| Rankine | °R | Absolute Fahrenheit scale |
Temperature Unit Conversion Calculator
Time Conversion Chart & Calculator
Time conversions are used in scheduling, cycle timing, maintenance intervals, and instrumentation.
Time Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Second | s | Base SI unit |
| Millisecond | ms | 1 ms = 0.001 s |
| Microsecond | µs | 1 µs = 0.000001 s |
| Nanosecond | ns | 1 ns = 0.000000001 s |
| Minute | min | 1 min = 60 s |
| Hour | hr | 1 hr = 3600 s |
| Day | day | 1 day = 86400 s |
Time Unit Conversion Calculator
Torque Conversion Chart & Calculator
Torque measurements support motor performance analysis, mechanical assembly, and precision tightening applications.
Torque Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Newton‑meter | Nm | 1 Nm = 0.737562 ft·lb |
| Kilogram‑force meter | kgfm | 1 kgfm = 9.80665 Nm |
| Foot‑pound | ft·lb | 1 ft·lb = 1.35582 Nm |
| Inch‑pound | in·lb | 1 in·lb = 0.112985 Nm |
Torque Unit Conversion Calculator
Velocity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Velocity measurements support fluid flow, actuator motion, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Velocity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Meter per second | m/s | Base SI unit |
| Foot per second | ft/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| Kilometer per hour | km/h | 1 km/h = 0.2777778 m/s |
| Mile per hour | mph | 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s |
| Knot | kn | 1 kn = 0.514444 m/s |
Velocity Unit Conversion Calculator
Dynamic Viscosity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Dynamic viscosity is used in lubrication analysis, hydraulic fluids, and mechanical system performance.
Dynamic Viscosity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Centipoise | cP | 1 cP = 0.01 poise |
| Poise | P | 1 P = 100 cP |
| Pound per foot‑second | lb/(ft·s) | 1 lb/(ft·s) = 1488.16 cP |
Dynamic Viscosity Unit Conversion Calculator
Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Chart & Calculator
Kinematic viscosity supports oil grading, fluid flow analysis, and mechanical equipment maintenance.
Kinematic Viscosity Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Centistoke | cSt | 1 cSt = 0.01 stokes |
| Stoke | St | 1 St = 100 cSt |
| Foot² per second | ft²/s | 1 ft²/s = 92903 cSt |
| Meter² per second | m²/s | 1 m²/s = 1,000,000 cSt |
Kinematic Viscosity Unit Conversion Calculator
Volume Conversion Chart & Calculator
Volume conversions support tank measurements, lubrication systems, and hydraulic reservoir calculations.
Volume Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Cubic centimeter | cm³ | 1 cm³ = 0.001 L |
| Cubic meter | m³ | 1 m³ = 1000 L |
| Liter | L | 1 L = 1000 cm³ |
| Cubic inch | in³ | 1 in³ = 16.387 cm³ |
| Cubic foot | ft³ | 1 ft³ = 28.31685 L |
| US gallon | US gal | 1 US gal = 3.78541 L |
| Imperial gallon | Imp gal | 1 Imp gal = 4.54609 L |
| US barrel (oil) | US bbl | 1 US bbl = 158.987 L |
Volume Unit Conversion Calculator
Volumetric Liquid Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Liquid flow measurements support pumps, piping systems, cooling loops, and process equipment.
Volumetric Liquid Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Liter per second | L/sec | 1 L/sec = 60 L/min |
| Liter per minute | L/min | 1 L/min = 0.0166667 L/sec |
| Cubic meter per hour | M³/hr | 1 M³/hr = 0.277778 L/sec |
| Cubic foot per minute | ft³/min | 1 ft³/min = 0.471947 L/sec |
| Cubic foot per hour | ft³/hr | 1 ft³/hr = 0.007865 L/sec |
| US gallon per minute | gal/min | 1 gal/min = 0.06309 L/sec |
| US barrel (oil) per day | US brl/d | 1 US brl/d = 0.00184 L/sec |
Volumetric Liquid Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Volumetric Gas Flow Conversion Chart & Calculator
Gas flow conversions are used in combustion systems, ventilation, and compressed air diagnostics.
Volumetric Gas Flow Unit Conversion Chart
| Unit | Symbol | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Normal cubic meter per hour | Nm³/hr | 1 Nm³/hr = 35.31073 scfh |
| Standard cubic foot per hour | scfh | 1 scfh = 0.02832 Nm³/hr |
| Standard cubic foot per minute | scfm | 1 scfm = 1.699 Nm³/hr |
Volumetric Gas Flow Unit Conversion Calculator
Wire Gauge & Ampacity Table
AWG wire sizes with cross‑sectional area, resistance per length, and ampacity ratings for conductor sizing and electrical safety.
| AWG | Diameter (mm) | Area (mm²) | Resistance (Ω/km) | Ampacity (A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 21.0 | 14 |
| 16 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 13.3 | 18 |
| 14 | 1.63 | 2.08 | 8.3 | 25 |
| 12 | 2.05 | 3.31 | 5.2 | 30 |
| 10 | 2.59 | 5.26 | 3.3 | 40 |
| 8 | 3.26 | 8.37 | 2.1 | 55 |
| 6 | 4.11 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 75 |
| 4 | 5.19 | 21.2 | 0.8 | 95 |
| 2 | 6.54 | 33.6 | 0.5 | 130 |
| 1/0 | 8.25 | 53.5 | 0.32 | 170 |
| 2/0 | 9.27 | 67.4 | 0.25 | 195 |
| 3/0 | 10.4 | 85.0 | 0.20 | 225 |
| 4/0 | 11.7 | 107.2 | 0.16 | 260 |
Notes:
- Ampacity values are general-purpose estimates; actual ratings depend on insulation, temperature, and installation conditions.
- Resistance values are for copper conductors at 20°C.
- Commonly used for conductor sizing, panel wiring, and electrical safety calculations.
Prefer a hard-copy format?
Download the printable Unit Conversion Chart PDF version — a clean, professional reference containing 34 of the most-used charts from the 48 in this BIN95 Unit Conversion Chart App. Designed for easy navigation, it mirrors the app’s layout but features long-form tables and print-optimized formatting for classroom, field, or shop use.
Note: Calculators are not included in the PDF version.
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